The Maine Experiment: Doctors Driving U.S. Medical Consumption

A fascinating long term study of what is really happening in medical practices. (what drs said vs what records were proving they actually did in private). I've posted a short version. Check the link for the full article and to listen to the NPR story: The Telltale Wombs of Lewiston, Maine by Alix Speigel.

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..."His insight: It was doctors, not patients, who drove medical consumption, and all kinds of things influenced the decisions a doctor makes when a patient enters his office. Sickness and patient preference play an important role, but a much smaller role than patients and the health care community had originally thought. "

"Accidental Discovery

Though Wennberg is now a certified guru — a man whose insights underlie many of the arguments you currently hear about health reform — Wennberg didn't set out to revolutionize our understanding of health care. It was an accident.

It all started in the late '60s when Wennberg, fresh out of a residency at Johns Hopkins Hospital, was given a grant from the federal government to help improve the health care system in the state of Vermont. The idea behind the federal grant was that in states all around the country, isolated rural communities weren't benefiting from many of the new, modern medical treatments that had been developed. Wennberg's job was to fix this problem in Vermont. He was supposed to help bring high-tech medicine to poor rural communities.

En route to this perfectly laudable goal, however, Wennberg made a somewhat crazy decision. He figured that if he was going to improve health care in Vermont, he should really understand what was going on in terms of medical practice on the ground. And so he decided to collect information about every medical transaction of every person in every town in the whole state.

"We needed to know what was going on in home health agencies, what was going on in nursing homes, hospitals, doctors offices," Wennberg says. "And for each patient, what their diagnosis was, what their treatment was, how much money was spent, and what the outcomes were in as far as we could measure them."

Searching For Explanations

To collect these records, Wennberg hired researchers, people dubbed "the pit crew" who year after year were sent out to medical record rooms to collect records. It was a truly massive undertaking to gather every medical transaction in the state of Vermont. It took two years of road trips just to collect the records for 1969. "

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113571111&sc=nl&cc=es- 20091025

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"What the doctors needed to do, Hanley decided, was figure out why the strange variations in medical care were taking place. The best way to do that, he figured, was to get all the doctors in Maine to sit down together on a regular basis, look at Maine city by city, and then hash out why the care they were giving was so different. The doctors would speak directly and honestly about their decision-making."

hahahahahahaaaaa!!! Riiiiiiiiiiight! Read on.......

"Bob Keller is a back doctor in Maine who worked on this project, and he says there was only one problem with Hanley's plan: the doctors themselves. If the data were right then at least some of the doctors in the room were doing something wrong by providing care that wasn't needed. That didn't sit well with the doctors.

"No. 1, they were insulted," says Keller. "They were angry because their judgment was being challenged, and that was not allowed. And in some cases they just didn't believe it, so they would try to find holes in the data. One of the classics, they'd say, 'Oh we have more workers compensation here, we have more heavy industry!' But we were able to work through most of those things and demonstrate that wasn't the case. Then they would say, ' Our population is older! More of them need prostatectomies!' And we'd say, 'Well, we adjust for age, so that's not an argument anymore.' And some doctors never could deal with that, and they would leave the study groups. They just said, 'This is baloney; we're not going along with this.' "

But in time, says Keller, most of the doctors in Maine did warm up to these ideas. "They began to accept the data, began to accept that indeed, different physicians were using different thought processes or decision-making processes in dealing with patients."

And so in the state of Maine began this incredible experiment. Four or five times a year each medical specialty would gather together for a kind Talmudic dissection of doctor choice conducted by the doctors themselves. They wanted to look at all the geographical differences, figure out why they existed, and then try to bring their medical decisions in line with one another. They figured that by doing this they could eliminate excess care.

Doctor Influences

Smith took part in the meetings, and he said that inevitably there was one thing above all that doctors believed shaped decisions: "The way you were trained. Maybe you were at a particular training program that does things a certain way and you bring that back to your community."

Smith says to understand how their training shaped their decisions, the doctors who gathered would list on a white board all the criteria they had learned in school for doing this or that procedure. But what they found, says Keller, the back doctor who helped put the groups together, was that most of the time the doctors all seemed to agree.

"In a meeting they'd all say, 'Absolutely I agree; you need to have a certain physical finding and if you didn't have it you wouldn't do it,' " Keller says.

"Well, that might be what they agreed on, but in fact when you were able to use data later you would find that it didn't really work that way. That's the criteria and the standard got tilted, sometimes pretty significantly."

Somehow in the privacy of their own offices the doctors still enacted the agreed-on criteria differently. Why?

One reason some doctors mentioned was fear of lawsuits; some worried that if they didn't do every possible thing they might get sued. Another reason was temperament — some doctors were clearly just more eager to take action than others.

Then there was the role of local medical culture. For example, even though it didn't make sense and wasted a lot of time and money, pediatricians in some communities felt they absolutely positively had to send even mildly sick kids to the hospital.

"Families in small Maine communities were used to the fact that if their kid had a temperature of 102 and was vomiting, that kid was going into the hospital," says Keller. "They'd been doing it for years, so they'd be aghast if they took little Tommy down and he had a temperature of 102 and the doctor said, 'Well, go home and take this.' Nobody did that!"

It was probably safer and better all around not to put the kids in the hospital, and the doctors knew this. But doctors, like the rest of us, are people, and therefore are subject to subtle influences.

For instance, it turns out that if you increase the number of doctors in an area, chances are that the use of medical services will rise. If there's one doctor in a town with 100 patients, then he'll schedule your heart checkups for once every six months, but if another doctor comes to town — and now the first doctor has 50 patients — the doctor will just schedule your heart checkups for once every three months. There's a very simple reason why, says Frank Read, an eye specialist who participated in the doctor groups.

"I don't want to be sitting on my thumbs all the time — I want to be busy. And that may unconsciously loosen my criteria for doing a procedure."

Money

Which brings us finally to the subject that incredibly was never directly discussed during the nearly 20 years the doctors met: money. Specifically, the way money affects medical decision-making.

Keller explained that this subject was completely verboten.

"It would have been a show stopper. It would have gone right to the question of greed, and you're not going to keep a doctor at the table if you say that he's greedy."

Talking to doctors about money is difficult. It's uncomfortable both for patients and for doctors to think that this most important and intimate service could be contaminated. But the truth is the decisions made by your physician when you enter his office are profoundly influenced by the way that doctors get paid in this country. "That's just common sense. That's human nature," says Smith of the Maine Medical Association. "The payment system is an important influence."

Most of the doctors in this country are not on a salary but are paid basically like pieceworkers in a clothing factory. This is called "fee for service," and the way it affects doctor behavior is clear.

"If you pay people more, the more things they do, they're going to do more things," says Smith.

The U.S. health care payment system rewards doctors for taking action and doing procedures. This reality is so powerful that it hasn't just changed the individual behavior of doctors. Keller says that the specialties themselves have changed, bending like flowers to the sun, moving toward the source of heat.