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Hydronephrosis is the enlargement (distention) of the pelvis and urine collecting structures of one or both kidneys. Hydronephrosis can be unilateral (affecting one kidney) or bilateral (affecting both kidneys).
Hydronephrosis occurs when urine is unable to drain from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder. Hydronephrosis is not itself a disease, but rather a physical result of whatever disease is keeping urine from draining out of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
Sources
MedlinePlus - Unilateral hydronephrosis
MedlinePlus - Bilateral hydronephrosis